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In the United States, community colleges (once commonly called junior colleges) are primarily two-year public institutions of higher education. Many community colleges also offer remedial education, GEDs, high school degrees, technical degrees and certificates, and a limited number of 4-year degrees. After graduating from a community college, some students transfer to a university or liberal arts college for two to three years to complete a bachelor's degree, while others enter the workforce. In 2012–2013, 7.7 million people attended U.S. community colleges, with about 3.1 million students enrolled full-time, and about 4.6 million students enrolled part-time.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Community College FAQs )〕 During the Great Recession, community colleges faced state budget cuts amid increases in enrollment. As a result, community colleges raised student tuition.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Recent Deep State Higher Education Cuts May Harm Students and the Economy for Years to Come )〕 With enrollments decreasing, austerity at community colleges continues〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=With enrollment low, stakes are high, a community college learns @insidehighered )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=As the economy improves, community colleges cut costs and jobs )〕 while adjunct professors are paid poverty wages and work precariously from semester to semester.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Why adjunct professors are struggling to make ends meet )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Pink Collar Workforce of Academia )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=How the University Works; Reclaiming the Ivory Tower )〕 〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Adjunct professors in dire straits with low pay, lack of full-time jobs )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Unions Can Fix Adjunct Professor Crisis – Al Jazeera America )〕 Community colleges received attention in 2015 after President Barack Obama proposed to make community college tuition free to many residents of the US in his State of the Union Address. The plan is called "America’s College Promise."〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=America’s College Promise: A Ticket to the Middle Class )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Obama Highlights 'Free' Community College Plan, Tax Reform In State Of The Union Address – National Association of Student Financial Aid Administrators )〕 This attention has brought on both praise, scrutiny, and criticism of community colleges and the funding of higher education in general. This plan, however, would only pay tuition; non-tuition items such as: textbooks, supplies, transportation, and room and board for those wishing to live on campus would not be covered in Obama's plan. ==Terminology and control== Before the 1970s, community colleges were more commonly referred to as junior colleges, and that term is still used at some institutions and for athletics, specifically the NJCAA. However, the term "junior college" is now usually used to characterize private two-year institutions. The term "community college" has evolved to describe publicly funded two-year institutions. The main governing body of community colleges changed its name in 1992 from the "American Association of Junior Colleges" to the "American Association of Community Colleges". Cohen and Brawer report on the variety of other names, such as city college, county college (in New Jersey), and branch campus. Other common components of the school name include vocational, technical, adult education and technical institute. Nicknames include "democracy's college" and "opportunity college." 〔Arthur M. Cohen and Florence B. Brawer, ''The American Community College'' (4th ed. 2003) p 4〕 In several California cities as well as in other large cities such as Chicago, with its City Colleges of Chicago, community colleges are often called "city colleges", since they were municipally funded and designed to serve the needs of the residents of the city in which they are situated. Also, the state's public two-year colleges are not solely found in its larger cities. New York City's network of community colleges was established outside of the CUNY system, and only integrated into that system at the insistence of the state government. Another example is Westchester Community College. In the late 1940s, the county operated a popular vocational institute. The New York state government required that the county transform its technical institute into a community college. The county government resisted this transformation, as it would be responsible for a third of the new institution's operating costs (in contrast, the state paid for all of the technical institute's operating costs). After a series of very heated meetings, fully reported in the local press, the county was forced to conform to the state government's wishes. As a general rule, broad generalizations about the origins, purposes, and funding of public two-year colleges varies widely among the states and, as in the case of California, within states. Furthermore, because the vital role played by rural community colleges in preparing excess rural youth for productive careers in urban centers is not well understood by policy makers, these relatively small institutions do not receive sufficient state funding to offset their weak tax bases and, because of their relatively small size, much higher per-student costs when compared to urban community colleges. This inequity in basic institutional funding has led to the creation of such organizations as the Community Colleges of Appalachia and the tribal college association, which have sought to promote more equitable funding irrespective of an institution's size or location. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Community colleges in the United States」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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